1500:	In the Burji Mamluks empire, Zahir Kanauh overthrown by Ashraf Gan Balat.
1501:	Isamil I establishes the Safavid dynasty in Persia, and the Twelve-Imam Shi'ism becomes the state religion.
1507:	The Portuguese under d'Albuquerque establish strongholds in the Persian Gulf.
1508:	Turkomans of the White Sheep empire, End of the White Sheep dynasty and the annexation of their territories by the Safawids.
1511:	D'Albuquerque conquers Malacca from the Muslims.
1517:	The Ottoman Sultan Selim Yavuz ("the Grim") defeats the Mamluks and conquers Egypt.
1520:	The reign of Sulayman the Magnificent begins.
1526:	Louis of Hungary dies at the Battle of Mohacs.
1526:	The Battle of Panipat in India, and the Moghul conquest; Babur makes his capital at Delhi and Agra.
1528:	The Ottomans take Buda in Hungary.
1529:	Unsuccessful Ottoman siege of Vienna.
1550:	The architect Sinan builds the Suleymaniye mosque in Istanbul.
1550:	The rise of the Muslim kingdom of Atjeh in Sumatra.
1550:	Islam spreads to Java, the Moluccas, and Borneo.
1556:	The death of Sulayman the Magnificent.
1568:	Alpujarra uprising of the Moriscos (Muslims forcibly converted to Catholicism) in Spain.
1571:	The Ottomans are defeated at the naval Battle of Lepanto, and their dominance in the Mediterranean is brought to a close.
1578:	The Battle of the Three Kings at Qasr al-Kabir in Morocco. King Sebastian of Portugal is killed.
1588:	Reign of Safavid Sultan Shah Abbas I begins.
1591:	Mustaili Ismailis split into Sulaymanis and Daudis.